This program delves into the complexities of international law in the context of modern warfare, often termed 'new wars.' It examines how existing legal frameworks, largely developed from 19th and 20th-century inter-state conflicts, struggle to adequately address contemporary armed conflicts and violence seen in regions like Syria, Ukraine, Libya, Mali, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Sudan. The book associated with this program highlights that different interpretations of international law can weaken legal restraints on war. It proposes a framework for 'second generation human security' and discusses the implications for international law, aiming to provide a practical approach to these evolving challenges.