Developing a framework for assessing the impact of geothermal development phases on ecosystem services

This research proposes a framework to assess the impact of different phases of geothermal energy development on ecosystem services. Geothermal energy is a prioritized renewable energy source in Indonesia due to its availability and low carbon emissions. However, its development often faces challenges, including location in high-risk volcanic areas and potential conflicts with local communities and protected zones. Each stage of geothermal development—exploration, construction, operation, and decommissioning—has distinct environmental effects. This paper aims to spatially measure these impacts using Geographic Information System (GIS) to inform national spatial planning and improve decision-making processes. The study emphasizes the need for an integrated assessment that considers ecological, socio-economic, and cultural factors, moving beyond traditional environmental impact assessments. It highlights the value of the ecosystem services concept in providing a holistic view of environmental benefits and engaging stakeholders in the assessment process.